1988-2009年安县山区植被覆盖度变化动态分析

利用像元二分模型对1988年、1995年、2000年、2007年和2009年5期安县山区的影像数据进行植被覆盖度估算.通过植被覆盖度变化转移矩阵总体评价21年间安县山区植被覆盖度的变化情况,并定量分析1988-1995年、1995-2000年、2000-2007年、2007-2009年四个时段的植被覆盖度变化趋势.结果表明:(1)21年间安县山区的植被覆盖改善的面积为34706 hm2,退化部分的面积为36920hm2;(2) 1988-1995年间、1995-2000年、2000-2007年及2007-2009年间安县山区整体植被覆盖度等级提高的面积为39205、51014、54316和38813hm2,退化部分的面积分别为39563、45650、55422及44271 hm2.2007-2009年此时段受汶川地震影响,地表植被结构严重破坏.利用本文的方法可达到对植被覆盖度进行反演及对该县山区生态环境的保护和可持续发展做出贡献,从而达到创建和谐社会的目的.     

Multi-time scale analysis of sugarcane within-field variability: improved crop diagnosis using satellite time series?

Within-field spatial variability is related to multiple factors that can be time-independent or time-dependent. In this study, our working hypothesis is that a multi-time scale analysis of the dynamics of spatial patterns can help establish a diagnosis of crop condition. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the within-field variability of a sugarcane crop at seasonal and annual time scales, and tried to link this variability to environmental (climate, topography, and soil depth) and cropping (harvest date) factors. The analysis was based on a sugarcane field vegetation index (NDVI) time series of fifteen SPOT images acquired in the French West Indies (Guadeloupe) in 2002 and 2003, and on an original classification method that enabled us to focus on crop spatial variability independently of crop growth stages. We showed that at the seasonal scale, the within-field growth pattern depended on the phenological stage of the crop and on cropping operations. At the annual scale, NDVI maps revealed a stable pattern for the two consecutive years at peak vegetation, despite very different rainfall amounts, but with inverse NDVI values. This inversion is linked with the topography and consequently to the plant water status. We conclude that (1) it is necessary to know the crop growing cycle to correctly interpret the spatial pattern, (2) single-date images may be insufficient for the diagnosis of crop condition or for prediction, and (3) the pattern of vigour occurrence within fields can help diagnose growth anomalies.

Ground-Sensor Soil Reflectance as Related to Soil Properties and Crop Response in a Cotton Field

Bare soil reflectance from airborne imagery or laboratory spectrometers has been used to infer soil properties such as soil texture, organic matter, water content, salinity and crop residue cover. However, the relation of soil properties to reflectance data often varies with soil type and conditions and surface reflectance may not be representative of the conditions in the root zone. The objectives of this study were to assess the soil reflectance data obtained by ground-based sensors and to model soil properties in the root zone as a function of surface soil reflectance and plant response. Ground-based sensors were used to simultaneously monitor soil and canopy reflectance in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) along six rows and in two growth stages in a 7 ha cotton field. The reflectance data were compared to soil properties, leaf nutrients and biomass measured at 33 sampling positions along the rows. Brightness values of the blue and green bands of soil reflectance were better correlated to soil water content, particulate organic matter and extractable potassium and phosphorus, while those in the red and NIR bands were correlated to soil carbonate content, total nitrogen, electrical conductivity and foliar nutrients. The correlation of red soil reflectance with canopy reflectance was significant and indicated an indirect inverse relationship between soil fertility and plant stress. The integration of surface soil reflectance and plant response variables in a multiple regression model did not substantially improve the prediction of soil properties in the root zone. However, crop nutrient status explained a significant portion of the spatial variability of soil properties related to nitrification processes when soil reflectance did not. The implication of these findings to agricultural management is discussed.     

一种单稳型环形振荡器的提出及其应用

提出了单稳型环形振荡器的原理和电路,用Multisim8仿真软件进行了电路仿真,介绍了单稳型环形振荡器的应用,讨论了集成74121单稳态触发器定时元件RC对暂稳时间的影响。按照交通灯控制信号的要求,安装调试了单稳型环形振荡器及控制信号产生电路。     

序贯共培养体系对小鼠早期胚胎体外发育效果的影响

将体外分离培养经超排处理的新西兰大白兔输卵管上皮及子宫内膜细胞接种于4孔板培养。处理1以CZB为培养液;处理2以CZB加输卵管上皮细胞为培养体系;处理3以CZB加子宫内膜细胞为培养体系;处理4以CZB为培养液,胚胎培养的前24h在输卵管上皮细胞共培养体系中,之后则转入子宫内膜细胞共培养体系中培养(处理4为序贯共培养体系)。将2-细胞期小鼠胚胎随机分配给4个处理,统计各处理组小鼠胚胎的各期发育率及发育质量。结果表明,序贯共培养体系胚胎的囊胚体外发育率显著高于其他共培养组(P<0.05);囊胚孵化率及孵化囊胚的贴附率显著高于其他共培养组(P<0.05);囊胚细胞总数各共培养组显著高于单独培养液组(P<0.05)。可见序贯共培养体系较单一体细胞共培养体系能更好地模拟体内环境,提高早期胚胎的发育率和发育质量。     

Investigation on pistachio distribution in the mountain regions of northeast Iran by ALOS

Iran supports five different vegetation zones. One of those is the Irano-Touranian zone that is located in the northeast of Iran. This vegetation zone includes arid and semi-arid lands, and its area is about 3.5 million hm². It supports growth of pistachio (Pistacia vera), a deciduous-broadleaved species, which is one of the ecologically and economically most important native species. In this study, we analyzed three images acquired by ALOS satellite, including 10m resolution multispectral band (AVNIR-2), 2.5 m resolution “Backward” PRISM image, and 2.5 m resolution “Nadir” PRISM image, based on a provided rational polynomial coefficient (RPC). Using the “Backward” and “Nadir” images, a 2.5 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) was produced. Four methods with AVNIR-2 and PRISM data were used to produce pan-sharpening images and conduct an object-based feature extraction process. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to determine the maximum distribution of pistachio in related elevation. The accuracy of the DEM was tested on 28 ground control points in the pair image as tie points, with the value of parallax error of 0.9027 m. The created elevation map indicated that pistachio trees grow up at 650m above sea level (a.s.l.). The result from NDVI in the related elevation showed the maximum density of pistachio at 800m a.s.l. In addition, the result of feature extraction in the forest showed the area of each target element calculated. The results of this research will improve decision-making and lead to sustainable management in general.     

The Quantitative Evaluation of Output Efficiency in Different Cropping Pattems

Quantitative indexes such as land equivalent ratio, yield equivalent and value of output equivalent were used to evaluate output efficiencies of different cropping patterns, i.e., sequential cropping, intercrops and crop rotation. Compared to single cropping, land use efficiencies under sequential cropping, intercrops and crop rotation were raised by 62, 38 and 21%, respectively. The unit area yield under sequential cropping, intercrops and crop rotation were raised by 63, 29 and 16%, respectively. The unit area value was also enhanced under sequential cropping and intercrops, 76 and 35% higher than that under single cropping. The paper provides a useful tool for comparing farm output efficiency and build up a theoretical basis for further research on output efficiency of various cropping patterns in the future.     

光皮桦苗高生长期划分有序样本聚类分析

以光皮桦苗高月净生长量为样本 ,采用有序样本聚类分析将光皮桦苗高生长过程划分为 4个时期 ,出苗期为 5月 1 0日～ 5月 31日 ,幼苗期为 6月 1日～ 7月 31日 ,苗高速生期为 8月 1日～9月 30日 ,苗木生长后期为 1 0月 1日～ 1 2月 31日 .苗高速生期时间推迟到 8～ 9月 ,原因是由于当年 5月上旬播种 ,播种时间推迟 ,速生期苗高生长量占苗木全年总生长量的 5 1 .87% .提出了各期的关键育苗措施 .保证苗高速生期有充足的水肥条件 ,延长苗高速生期提高生长量     

檫角丽细蛾空间分布型及其应用的研究

本文采用7种聚集度指标法测定了檫角丽细蛾卵和幼虫的空间分布型。结果表明卵和幼虫在檫树人工林内都呈聚集分布。幼虫分布的基本成份是个体群,个体间相互排斥。卵分布基本成份是疏松的个体群。应用Iwao’s方法,分析并计算林间调查的最适抽样数,进行了幼虫序贯抽样的计算。     

松毒蛾空间格局及其抽样技术

本文运用比较频次法、聚集度指标法和相关系数法研究了松毒蛾越冬代蛹和第一代幼虫的空间格局．结果表明，越冬代蛹属于负二项分布，第一代幼虫属于Ｎｅｙｍａｎ分布，分布的基本成份是个体群．五种抽样方法比较结果表明，平行线取样法最好．根据Ｉｗａｏ方法分析并计算了不同虫口密度下林间调查的最适取样数，列出序贯抽样分析表．